NRI FAQs

Non Resident Indian (NRI) is a citizen of India, who stays abroad for employment/carrying on business or vocation outside India or stays abroad under circumstances indicating an intention for an uncertain duration of stay abroad is a non-resident. Non-resident foreign citizens of Indian Origin are treated at par with Non Resident Indian (NRIs).

Person of Indian Origin (PIO) (not being a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh or Sri Lanka or Afghanistan or China or Iran or Nepal or Bhutan), who

• At any time, held an Indian passport, or
• Whose father or grandfather was a citizen of India by virtue of the Constitution of India or the Citizenship Act, 1955 (57 of 1955).

1. Any person of full age and capacity:
   • Who is a citizen of another country, but was a citizen of India at the time of, or at any time after, the commencement of the constitution, or
   • Who is a citizen of another country, but was eligible to become a citizen of India at the time of the commencement of the constitution, or
   • Who is a citizen of another country, but belongs to a territory that became part of India after the 15th of August, 1947.
   • Who is a child of such a citizen, or
2. A person, who is minor child of a person mentioned in clause (1)

Under the general permission granted by RBI, the following categories can freely purchase immovable property in India:

1. Non-Resident Indian (NRI)- who is a citizen of India residing outside India
2. Person of Indian Origin (PIO)- who is an individual (not being a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh or Sri Lanka or Afghanistan or China or Iran or Nepal or Bhutan), who
   • At any time, held Indian passport or
   • Whose father or grandfather was a citizen of India by virtue of the Constitution of India or the Citizenship Act, 1955 (57 of 1955).

The general permission, however, covers only purchase of residential and commercial property and not for the purchase of agricultural land/plantation property/farmhouse in India. OCIs can purchase immovable property in India except agricultural land/plantation property/farmhouse.

Since general permission is not available to NRI / PIO to acquire agricultural land/plantation property/farm house in India, such proposals will require specific approval from the Reserve Bank and the proposals are considered in consultation with the Government of India.

The mere acquisition of property does not attract income tax. However, any income accruing from the ownership of it, in the form of rent (if it is let out)/annual value of the house (if is not let out and it is not the only residential property owned by that person in India) and/or capital gains (short term or long term) arising on the sale of this house or part thereof is taxable in the hands of the owner.

The Government of India has granted general permission to NRI / PIO / OCI to buy property in India and they do not have to pay any taxes even while acquiring the property in India. However, taxes have to be paid if they are selling this property. Rental income earned is taxable in India, and they will have to obtain a PAN and file a return of the income if they have rented this property. On sale of the property, the profit on sale shall be subject to capital gains. If they have held the property for less than or equal to 3 years after taking actual possession then the gains would be short term capital gains, which are to be included in their total income and will be taxed in the normal bracket. However, if the property has been held for more than 3 years, then the resulting gain would be labeled as long term capital gains subject to 20% tax and some additional levy (cess)

India has DTAAs with several countries which give a favorable tax treatment in respect of certain heads of income. However, in case of sale of immovable property, the DTAA with most countries provide that the capital gains will be taxed in the country where the immovable property is located. Hence, the non-resident will be subject to tax in India on the capital gains which arise on the sale of immovable property in India. Letting of immovable property in India would be taxed in India under most tax treaties in view of the fact that the property is in India.

Yes. Long-term and short-term capital gains are taxable in the hands of non-residents.

Type of asset: Assets like house property, land and building, jewelry, development rights, etc.

Rate of tax deduction at source (TDS)

Long term 20.6%

Short term 30.9%

Exemption available (only for long term capital gains)

The long term capital gains arising on sale of a residential house can be invested in buying/constructing another residential house, within the prescribed time. The exemption is restricted to the amount of capital gains or the amount invested in new residential house, whichever is lower. If the amount of capital gains is invested in bonds of National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) or Rural Electrification Corporation, then the entire capital gains is exempted, or the proportionate gain is exempted. As per the financial budget 2007-08, a cap of INR. 50 lakhs has been imposed on investment that can be made in capital tax saving bonds.

In case the non-resident pays any tax on capital gains arising in India, he would normally be able to obtain a tax credit with respect to the taxes paid in India/ home country, because the income in India would also be included in the country of tax residence. The amount of tax credit is also on the basis of computing the tax credit that can be claimed as specified in the respective country’s DTAA and is also dependent on the laws of the home country where the taxpayer is a tax resident.

1. If the property was acquired out of foreign exchange sources i.e. remitted through normal banking channels/by debit to NRE / FCNR(B) account, the amount to be repatriated should not exceed the amount paid for the property:

• In foreign exchange received through normal banking channel or
• By debit to NRE account (foreign currency equivalent, as on the date of payment) or debit to FCNR(B) account.

Repatriation of sale proceeds of residential property purchased by NRI’s/PIO’s out of foreign exchange is restricted to not more than two such properties. Capital gains, if any, may be credited to the NRO account from where the NRI’s / PIO’s may repatriate an account up to USD One million, per financial year, as discussed below.

1. If the property was acquired out of Rupee sources, NRI / PIO may remit an amount of up to USD One million, per financial year, out of the balances held in the NRO account (inclusive of sale proceeds of assets acquired by way of inheritance or settlement), for all the bonafide purposes to the satisfaction of the Authorized Dealer bank and subject to tax compliance. The NRI / PIO may use this facility to remit capital gains, where the acquisition of the subject property was made by funds sourced by remittance through normal banking channels/by debit to NRE / FCNR(B) account.

The rental income, being a current account transaction, is repatriable, subject to the appropriate deduction of tax and the certification thereof by a Chartered Accountant in practice. Repatriation of sale proceeds is subject to certain conditions. The amount of repatriation cannot exceed the amount paid for acquisition of the immovable property in foreign exchange.

An authorized dealer or a housing finance institution in India approved by the National Housing Bank may provide housing loan to a non-resident Indian or a person of Indian Origin residing outside India for acquisition of a residential accommodation in India, subject to the following conditions, namely:

• The quantum of loans, margin money and the period of repayment shall be at par with those applicable to housing finance provided to a person residing in India.
• The loan amount shall not be credited to Non-Resident External (NRE)/Foreign Currency Non-Resident (FCNR)/Non-Resident non-Repatriable (NRNR) account of the borrower.
• The loan shall be fully secured by an equitable mortgage by deposit of title deal on the property proposed to be acquired, and if necessary, also be lien on the borrower’s other assets in India.
• The installment of loan, interest and other charges, if any, shall be paid by the borrower by remittances from outside India through normal banking channels or out of funds in his Non-Resident External (NRE)/Foreign Currency Non-Resident (FCNR)/Non-Resident Non-Repatriable (NRNR)/Non-Resident Ordinary (NRO)/non-Resident Special Rupee (NRSR) account in India, or out of rental income derived from renting out the property acquired by utilization of the loan or by any relative of the borrower in India by crediting the borrower’s loan account through the bank account of such relative (The word ‘relative’ means ‘relative’ as defined in section 6 of the Companies Act, 1956.)
• The rate of interest on the loan shall conform to the directives issued by the Reserve Bank of India or, by as the case may be, the National Housing Bank.

If you are an NRI / OCI / PIO, you would have to file your income tax returns if you fulfill either of these conditions:

• Your taxable income in India during the year was above the basic exemption limit of INR.1.6 lakh OR
• You have earned short-term or long-term capital gains from sale of any investments or assets, even if the gains are less than the basic exemption limit.

Note: The enhanced exemption limit for senior citizens and women is applicable only to Residents and not to Non-Residents.

Yes, there are two exceptions:

• If your taxable income consisted only of investment income (interest) and/or capital gains income and if tax has been deducted at source from such income, you do not have to file your tax return.
• If you earned long term capital gains from the sale of equity shares or equity mutual funds, you do not have to pay any tax and therefore you do not have to include that in your tax return.

Tip: You may also file a tax return if you have to claim a refund. This may happen where the tax deducted at source is more than the actual tax liability. Suppose your taxable income for the year was below INR.1.6 lakh but the bank deducted tax at source on your interest amount, you can claim a refund by filing your tax return. Another instance is when you have a capital loss that can be set-off against capital gains. Tax may have been deducted at source on the capital gains, but you can set-off (or carry forward) capital loss against the gain and lower your actual tax liability. In such cases, you would need to file a tax return.

Traditionally, you could file your tax return either by giving a power of attorney to someone in India or by sending your form and documents to a tax expert in India who would then file the return on your behalf. But nowadays, the easiest option for NRIs to file their Indian tax returns is by using the online platform. There are several options to file online.